Freethought & Rationalism Archive

dimossi · 07-25-2002, 09:19 AM

Very interesting news story from New Scientist:

<a href="http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99992589" target="_blank">http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99992589</a>

Quote:

Whether or not you believe in the paranormal may depend entirely on your brain chemistry. People with high levels of dopamine are more likely to find significance in coincidences, and pick out meaning and patterns where there are none.

Peter Brugger, a neurologist from the University Hospital in Zurich, Switzerland, has suggested before that people who believe in the paranormal often seem to be more willing to see patterns or relationships between events where skeptics perceive nothing.

To find out what could be triggering these thoughts, Brugger persuaded 20 self-confessed believers and 20 skeptics to take part in an experiment.

Brugger and his colleagues asked the two groups to distinguish real faces from scrambled faces as the images were flashed up briefly on a screen. The volunteers then did a similar task, this time identifying real words from made-up ones.

Seeing and believing

Believers were much more likely than skeptics to see a word or face when there was not one, Brugger revealed last week at a meeting of the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies in Paris. However, skeptics were more likely to miss real faces and words when they appeared on the screen.

The researchers then gave the volunteers a drug called L-dopa, which is usually used to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease by increasing levels of dopamine in the brain.

Both groups made more mistakes under the influence of the drug, but the skeptics became more likely to interpret scrambled words or faces as the real thing.

That suggests that paranormal thoughts are associated with high levels of dopamine in the brain, and the L-dopa makes skeptics less sceptical. "Dopamine seems to help people see patterns," says Brugger.

Plateau effect

However, the single dose of the drug did not seem to increase the tendency of believers to see coincidences or relationships between the words and images.

That could mean that there is a plateau effect for them, with more dopamine having relatively little effect above a certain threshold, says Peter Krummenacher, one of Brugger's colleagues.

Dopamine is an important chemical involved in the brain's reward and motivation system, and in addiction. Its role in the reward system may be to help us decide whether information is relevant or irrelevant, says Franse Schenk from the University of Lausanne in Switzerland.

scombrid · 07-25-2002, 10:46 AM

Interesting. One thing that I wonder is what the level of feedback between conscious activity and brain chemistry. The above paper shows a difference in brain chemistry but what is the cause? Were the dopamine rich believers born that way? or Did living in a culture of belief with daily prayer and such lead to consistantly elevated dopamine levels? Maybe I should search for a paper. Surely somebody has investigated whether or not certain prayer and meditation techniques change dopamine levels.

Sci_Fidelity · 07-25-2002, 11:44 AM

Posted by scombrid:

Quote:

Interesting. One thing that I wonder is what the level of feedback between conscious activity and brain chemistry. The above paper shows a difference in brain chemistry but what is the cause? Were the dopamine rich believers born that way? or Did living in a culture of belief with daily prayer and such lead to consistantly elevated dopamine levels? Maybe I should search for a paper. Surely somebody has investigated whether or not certain prayer and meditation techniques change dopamine levels.

Maybe it's the steady diet of wine and unleavened bread......

fando · 07-26-2002, 02:53 PM

The magnitude of the effect of Dopamine is probably related to how our brains developed rather than anything genetic. If we were brought up without actively resisting/ignoring the effects of Dopamine, then it is likely that our brains have developed a lower tolerance to it. That's just educated guesswork on my part though.

Vogelfrei · 07-26-2002, 06:53 PM

I'd like to suggest that the logical endpoint of increasing dopamine wildly is paranoid schizophrenia, not religious belief. People who abuse dopaminergically-active stimulants (or take too much l-dopa for that matter) often exhibit said symptomology. Dopamine's functions include a sort of "pay attention to this!" effect; if this process is a tad overactive, you tend to make connections between unrelated events because of the fact that they appear more noticeable; if it's extremely overactive, you begin to think that the car driving in front of you is communicating messages from aliens to you through judicious use of the turning signals and break lights. Or something like that.

Anyhow, religious belief probably isnt a form fruste of paranoid schizophrenia, so science needs to keep looking. And there are likely different reasons that various people choose to be believers or skeptics; this muddies things up.

Tangentially, using l-dopa is sloppy (dopamine isn't all that it makes); I wonder why they didn't use a dopamine-selective ligand, or one of those presynaptic antagonists like amisulpride, or something.

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07-25-2002, 10:46 AM	#2
scombrid Veteran Member Join Date: Nov 2001 Location: Central Florida Posts: 2,759	Interesting. One thing that I wonder is what the level of feedback between conscious activity and brain chemistry. The above paper shows a difference in brain chemistry but what is the cause? Were the dopamine rich believers born that way? or Did living in a culture of belief with daily prayer and such lead to consistantly elevated dopamine levels? Maybe I should search for a paper. Surely somebody has investigated whether or not certain prayer and meditation techniques change dopamine levels.

07-26-2002, 02:53 PM	#4
fando Veteran Member Join Date: Sep 2001 Location: Los Angeles Area Posts: 1,372	The magnitude of the effect of Dopamine is probably related to how our brains developed rather than anything genetic. If we were brought up without actively resisting/ignoring the effects of Dopamine, then it is likely that our brains have developed a lower tolerance to it. That's just educated guesswork on my part though.

07-26-2002, 06:53 PM	#5
Vogelfrei Junior Member Join Date: Jul 2002 Location: NY Posts: 37	I'd like to suggest that the logical endpoint of increasing dopamine wildly is paranoid schizophrenia, not religious belief. People who abuse dopaminergically-active stimulants (or take too much l-dopa for that matter) often exhibit said symptomology. Dopamine's functions include a sort of "pay attention to this!" effect; if this process is a tad overactive, you tend to make connections between unrelated events because of the fact that they appear more noticeable; if it's extremely overactive, you begin to think that the car driving in front of you is communicating messages from aliens to you through judicious use of the turning signals and break lights. Or something like that. Anyhow, religious belief probably isnt a form fruste of paranoid schizophrenia, so science needs to keep looking. And there are likely different reasons that various people choose to be believers or skeptics; this muddies things up. Tangentially, using l-dopa is sloppy (dopamine isn't all that it makes); I wonder why they didn't use a dopamine-selective ligand, or one of those presynaptic antagonists like amisulpride, or something.

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