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04-16-2013, 11:34 PM
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A question for Jeffrey Gibson about the therapeutae of antiquity and the TLG
Since Jeffrey has openly asked me a number of questions recently I think it is only fair to ask him a question. The question I wish to ask relates to a recent thread Who were the therapeutae in antiquity? in which a small number of citations were discussed, including the Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon for θερα^π-ευτής .
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My question relates to the statistical use of the Greek term in the classical literature from BCE to the 4th or 5th century CE. I have been trying to learn to use the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG) database to answer this question myself but to date have been unsuccessful. You recently demonstrated this report writing capability from TLK at this post. The question is how many citations instances are returned for a search on the word "therapeutai" on a century by century basis for the period in question (BCE to 5th CE), and what are these instances? Best wishes, Pete εὐδαιμονία | eudaimonia |
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04-17-2013, 06:24 AM
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Search for: qerapeut Search authors in the first century they wrote Allowable interval between words: Exact phrase ----------------------------------------- Century: 8 B.C. Matches in this century: 0 ----------------------------------------- Century: 7 B.C. Matches in this century: 0 ----------------------------------------- Century: 6 B.C. Matches in this century: 0 ----------------------------------------- Century: 5 B.C. Xenophon Hist.: 7 Plato Phil.: 17 Hippocrates Med. et Corp: 4 Prodicus Soph.: 2 Matches in this century: 30 ----------------------------------------- Century: 4 B.C. Aristoteles Phil. et Cor: 3 Aristoxenus Mus.: 1 Theophrastus Phil.: 1 Epicurus Phil.: 1 Menander Comic.: 4 Anaximenes Hist. et Rhet.: 1 Nymphodorus Hist.: 1 Matches in this century: 12 ----------------------------------------- Century: 3 B.C. Aristophanes Gramm.: 1 Erasistratus Med.: 1 Chrysippus Phil.: 17 Matches in this century: 19 ----------------------------------------- Century: 2 B.C. Posidonius Phil.: 1 Ptolemaeus Gramm.: 1 Matches in this century: 2 ----------------------------------------- Century: 1 B.C. Philo Judaeus Phil.: 45 Dionysius Halicarnassensis : 5 Strabo Geogr.: 2 Arius Didymus Doxogr.: 3 Matches in this century: 55 Century: A.D. 1 Plutarchus Biogr. et Phil.: 23 Flavius Josephus Hist.: 3 Appianus Hist.: 5 Soranus Med.: 7 Dio Chrysostomus Soph.: 1 Apollonius Phil.: 1 Dioscorides Pedanius Med.: 4 [Ammonius] Gramm.: 1 Erotianus Gramm. et Med.: 2 Pseudo-Dioscorides Med.: 6 Apollonius Soph.: 1 Clemens Romanus Theol. et : 1 Cyranides: 3 Matches in this century: 58 ----------------------------------------- Century: A.D. 2 Athenaeus Soph.: 5 Galenus Med.: 413 Lucianus Soph.: 3 Aelius Aristides Rhet.: 10 Claudius Ptolemaeus Math.: 2 Cassius Dio Hist.: 1 Pseudo-Galenus Med.: 22 Julius Pollux Gramm.: 5 Claudius Aelianus Soph.: 13 Chariton Scr. Erot.: 1 Clemens Alexandrinus Theol: 6 Maximus Soph.: 1 Polyaenus Rhet.: 2 Flavius Philostratus Soph.: 3 Justinus Martyr Apol.: 1 Philumenus Med.: 1 Aretaeus Med.: 4 Alexander Phil.: 1 Celsus Phil.: 1 Eudemus Rhet.: 1 Hierocles Phil.: 1 Melito Apol.: 1 Origenes Theol.: 14 Matches in this century: 512 Century: A.D. 3 Heliodorus Scr. Erot.: 1 Eutecnius Soph.: 1 Anonymus Seguerianus Rhet.: 1 Iamblichus Phil.: 2 Valerius Apsines Rhet.: 2 Porphyrius Phil.: 2 Aristides Quintilianus Mus: 1 Cassius Longinus Phil. et : 2 Matches in this century: 12 ----------------------------------------- Century: A.D. 4 Oribasius Med.: 22 Nemesius Theol.: 2 Themistius Phil. et Rhet.: 5 Flavius Claudius Julianus : 2 Synesius Phil.: 3 Gregorius Nyssenus Theol.: 20 Eusebius Scr. Eccl. et The: 32 Epiphanius Scr. Eccl.: 4 Gregorius Nazianzenus Theo: 41 Athanasius Theol.: 5 Basilius Theol.: 11 Hephaestion Astrol.: 2 Eunapius Hist. et Soph.: 1 Socrates Scholasticus Hist: 2 Philostorgius Scr. Eccl.: 2 Asterius Scr. Eccl.: 6 Joannes Chrysostomus Scr. : 32 Apollinaris Theol.: 1 Didymus Caecus Scr. Eccl.: 19 Pseudo-Macarius Scr. Eccl.: 3 Cyrillus Scr. Eccl.: 5 Libanius Rhet. et Soph.: 4 Timaeus Sophista Gramm.: 2 Constitutiones Apostolorum: 1 Theodoretus Scr. Eccl. et : 20 Cyrillus Theol.: 37 Evagrius Scr. Eccl.: 1 Ephraem Syrus Theol.: 2 Athanasius Soph.: 1 Matches in this century: 288 Century: A.D. 5 Joannes Stobaeus Anthologu: 8 Salaminius Hermias Sozomenu: 1 Hermias Phil.: 1 Hierocles Phil.: 1 Procopius Rhet. et Scr. Ec: 4 Flavius Justinianus Impera: 2 Pseudo-Dionysius Areopagita: 9 Basilius Scr. Eccl.: 1 Proclus Phil.: 7 Hesychius Lexicogr.: 7 Catenae (Novum Testamentum: 9 Matches in this century: 50 ----------------------------------------- Total number of matches: 1038 Date: Varia Rhetorica Anonyma: 1 Anonymi Medici Med.: 3 Historia Alexandri Magni: 2 Pythagoristae (D-K) Phil.: 1 Lexica Segueriana: 5 Concilia Oecumenica (ACO): 7 Scholia In Aelium Aristidem: 2 Scholia In Aeschylum: 9 Scholia In Aristophanem: 5 Scholia In Euripidem: 4 Anonymi In Hermogenem Rhet: 1 Scholia In Hesiodum: 2 Scholia In Homerum: 5 Scholia In Nicandrum: 9 Scholia In Oppianum: 2 Scholia In Pindarum: 5 Scholia In Platonem: 1 Scholia In Sophoclem: 1 Scholia In Clementem Alexan: 2 Anthologia Graeca: 1 Matches in this century: 68 ----------------------------------------- Date: Incertum Acta Philippi: 1 Lexicon AI(MWDEI=N: 1 Appendix Proverbiorum: 1 Matches in this century: 3 ----------------------------------------- Total number of matches: 71 Search for: qerapeuthj Search authors in the first century they wrote Allowable interval between words: Exact phrase ----------------------------------------- Century: 8 B.C. Matches in this century: 0 ----------------------------------------- Century: 7 B.C. Matches in this century: 0 ----------------------------------------- Century: 6 B.C. Matches in this century: 0 ----------------------------------------- Century: 5 B.C. Plato Phil.: 2 Matches in this century: 2 ----------------------------------------- Century: 4 B.C. Matches in this century: 0 ----------------------------------------- Century: 3 B.C. Matches in this century: 0 ----------------------------------------- Century: 2 B.C. Matches in this century: 0 ----------------------------------------- Century: 1 B.C. Philo Judaeus Phil.: 7 Matches in this century: 7 ----------------------------------------- Century: A.D. 1 Apollonius Phil.: 1 Matches in this century: 1 ----------------------------------------- Century: A.D. 2 Galenus Med.: 2 Aelius Aristides Rhet.: 2 Julius Pollux Gramm.: 1 Matches in this century: 5 ----------------------------------------- Century: A.D. 3 Matches in this century: 0 Century: A.D. 4 Themistius Phil. et Rhet.: 1 Gregorius Nyssenus Theol.: 5 Eusebius Scr. Eccl. et The: 1 Epiphanius Scr. Eccl.: 1 Gregorius Nazianzenus Theo: 6 Philostorgius Scr. Eccl.: 1 Asterius Scr. Eccl.: 1 Joannes Chrysostomus Scr. : 4 Didymus Caecus Scr. Eccl.: 3 Pseudo-Macarius Scr. Eccl.: 1 Cyrillus Scr. Eccl.: 4 Cyrillus Theol.: 1 Ephraem Syrus Theol.: 1 Matches in this century: 30 ----------------------------------------- Century: A.D. 5 Pseudo-Dionysius Areopagita: 2 Proclus Phil.: 1 Hesychius Lexicogr.: 4 Matches in this century: 7 ----------------------------------------- Total number of matches: 52 Search for: qerapeuthj Search authors in the first century they wrote Allowable interval between words: Exact phrase ----------------------------------------- Date: Varia Concilia Oecumenica (ACO): 3 Scholia In Aeschylum: 2 Scholia In Aristophanem: 1 Scholia In Pindarum: 1 Matches in this century: 7 ----------------------------------------- Date: Incertum Acta Philippi: 1 Matches in this century: 1 ----------------------------------------- Total number of matches: 8 Search for: qerapeutai Search authors in the first century they wrote Allowable interval between words: Exact phrase ----------------------------------------- Century: 8 B.C. Matches in this century: 0 ----------------------------------------- Century: 7 B.C. Matches in this century: 0 ----------------------------------------- Century: 6 B.C. Matches in this century: 0 ----------------------------------------- Century: 5 B.C. Plato Phil.: 3 Matches in this century: 3 ----------------------------------------- Century: 4 B.C. Matches in this century: 0 ----------------------------------------- Century: 3 B.C. Matches in this century: 0 ----------------------------------------- Century: 2 B.C. Matches in this century: 0 ----------------------------------------- Century: 1 B.C. Philo Judaeus Phil.: 7 Dionysius Halicarnassensis : 1 Matches in this century: 8 ----------------------------------------- Century: A.D. 1 Cyranides: 1 Matches in this century: 1 ----------------------------------------- Century: A.D. 2 Athenaeus Soph.: 3 Aelius Aristides Rhet.: 3 Julius Pollux Gramm.: 1 Claudius Aelianus Soph.: 3 Clemens Alexandrinus Theol: 2 Melito Apol.: 1 Origenes Theol.: 1 Matches in this century: 14 ----------------------------------------- Century: A.D. 3 Matches in this century: 0 Century: A.D. 4 Flavius Claudius Julianus : 1 Synesius Phil.: 1 Gregorius Nyssenus Theol.: 2 Eusebius Scr. Eccl. et The: 5 Gregorius Nazianzenus Theo: 2 Basilius Theol.: 2 Joannes Chrysostomus Scr. : 4 Didymus Caecus Scr. Eccl.: 7 Constitutiones Apostolorum: 1 Theodoretus Scr. Eccl. et : 3 Cyrillus Theol.: 16 Matches in this century: 44 ----------------------------------------- Century: A.D. 5 Procopius Rhet. et Scr. Ec: 1 Flavius Justinianus Impera: 1 Catenae (Novum Testamentum: 2 Matches in this century: 4 ----------------------------------------- Total number of matches: 74 Search for: qerapeutai Search authors in the first century they wrote Allowable interval between words: Exact phrase ----------------------------------------- Date: Varia Historia Alexandri Magni: 2 Lexica Segueriana: 1 Scholia In Aelium Aristidem: 1 Scholia In Hesiodum: 2 Matches in this century: 6 ----------------------------------------- |
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04-23-2013, 03:35 PM
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#3 | |
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Thanks Jeffrey.
With such a wealth of precedent for the term "therapeutai" in the traditional Greek sense as indicative of "worshippers of [pagan] gods" I cannot help the feeling that the Christians subverted this term by associating it exclusively upon the one instance in antiquity (found in the text of "Vita Contemplativa" commonly, but not always, attributed to Philo) in which it has been used to describe a supposedly Jewish sect that the author terms "Therapeutai". The pagan worshippers of the [pagan] gods (i.e. the "therapeutai") seems to have been conveniently removed out of the general picture whereas for the period of Christian origins (say 000 to 381 CE) the pagan therapeutae would have been the dominant demographic religious party. These seem to have called themselves this name. They [the pagans] considered themselves to be the traditional worshippers of their own [pagan] gods. Therapeutae Quote:
Do you see a problem with this at all? To me it looks like some sort of special pleading (or a subversion) that the therapeutai were just a "Jewish sect". εὐδαιμονία | eudaimonia |
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04-23-2013, 03:49 PM
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Jeffrey |
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04-24-2013, 08:42 PM
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As far as I understand it, the Emperor Julian uses the term in this manner, as does the physician Galen, who received exemption from military service under Marcus Aurelius on account of his serving the god Asclepius. Galen counted himself as a "therapeutae of Asclepius". If we accept this at face value, then it is reasonable to think that the term may have been applied to those who serve the god Asclepius, not only during the centuries leading up to the appearance of Constantine and the monotheistic centralised Christian state religion, but during the transition to the empire becoming Christian in the 4th century. Moreover since it is generally agreed that Constantine targeted the major temples of Asclepius for destruction during his rule, it is only logical to examine the claim that the people who served in these temples (and the temples of other pagan gods) to be collectively known by the term "therapeutae", and this claim is borne out by Julian's use of the term. The rise of the Christian cult under the so-called Christian emperors therefore quite savagely suppressed this class of people (i.e. the worshippers of the pagan gods - i.e. the "therapeutai" of the pagan gods) and to all intents and purposes this entire class of people became redundant. Quote:
When we turn our attention to the term "therapeutai" and its current use in the 21st century we find that it is almost without exception applied to a hypothetical Jewish monastic cult, supposedly dwelling in Egypt in the 1st century. We do not find it anymore associated with the massively statistically dominant pagan cults which were ubiquitous in Alexandria and Egypt and indeed all over the Roman Empire in the 1st (and 2nd and 3rd and early 4th) century. We do find the term used as the basis for the word "therapeutic" in the sense of something which engenders healing, but this has absolutely nothing to do with a hypothetical isolated Jewish monastic sect, rather everything to do with the pagan "therapeutai" of Asclepius, to which the students of the history of medicine turn for their historical precedents. So I am not claiming that Christians always used the word with only one meaning, rather that the term for Christians would have been a rather shocking heretical term, because it related historically to the worship of the pagan gods. Do we have anyone claiming that they are a "therapeutai of Christ" or a "therapeutai of Jesus"? I don't know the answer to this question - that's one reason I asked you for the list from the TLG. I am aware that the author Philo may have made reference to the "therapeutai of Moses" but apart from this Christian preserved source, which Eusebius uses directly for his pseudo-historical propaganda (i.e. the monastic sect described by the author of "VC" were early Christians), I knew of no other references from Christian sources before you posted this list, and I am slowly looking through it. εὐδαιμονία | eudaimonia |
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04-24-2013, 09:11 PM
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Note what the verb from which the noun is derived means and what its synonyms are. And how it is used in Judaism: Quote:
Jeffrey |
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