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Old 06-19-2011, 03:04 PM   #1
vid
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Default Synod of Tyre (335 CE), Constantine and Arianism

I am not sure how to view Synod of Tyre in light of Arian controversy and position of Constantine. Several questions:

1. Synod of Tyre vs. Council of Tyre: Was this difference between "synod" and "council" something made distinctive then, or is it something done ex-post by Nicaean Catholics?

2. Can we view Synod of Tyre as Constantine "switching sides" (from Nicaea) to support Arianism?

3. What primary sources do we have about Synod of Tyre?
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Old 06-19-2011, 04:01 PM   #2
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Hey Vid,

There are two letters from Constantine about this synod.

Quote:
L28:
(332AD) Letter of Constantine to the Synod of Tyre, Part 1.
Synopsis: Concerns the removal of Eusebius from Caesarea.


Constantine to the Bishops of Antioch
VICTOR CONSTANTINUS, MAXIMUS AUGUSTUS, to Theodotus, Theodorus, Narcissus, Atius, Alpheus, and the rest of the bishops who are at Antioch. "I have perused the letters written by your Prudences, and highly approve of the wise resolution of your colleague in the ministry, Eusebius. Having, moreover, been informed of the circumstances of the case, partly by your letters, partly by those of our illustrious counts, Acacius and Strategius, after sufficient investigation I have written to the people of Antioch, suggesting the course which will be at once pleasing to God and advantageous for the Church. A copy of this I have ordered to be subjoined to this present letter, in order that ye yourselves may know what I thought fit, as an advocate of the cause of justice, to write to that people: since I find in your letter this proposal, that, in consonance with the choice of the people, sanctioned by your own desire, Eusebius the holy bishop of Caesarea should preside over and take the charge of the church at Antioch. Now the letters of Eusebius himself on this subject appeared to be strictly accordant with the order prescribed by the Church. Nevertheless it is expedient that your Prudences should be made acquainted with my opinion also. For I am informed that Euphronius the presbyter, who is a citizen of Caesarea in Cappadocia, and George of Arethusa, likewise a presbyter, and appointed to that office by Alexander at Alexandria, are men of tried faith. It was right, therefore, to intimate to your Prudences, that in proposing these men and any others whom you may deem worthy the episcopal dignity, you should decide this question in a manner conformable to the tradition of the apostles. For in that case, your Prudences will be able, according to the rule of the Church and apostolic tradition, to direct this election in the manner which true ecclesiastical discipline shall prescribe. God preserve you, beloved brethren!"
(Preserved in Eusebius of Caesarea’s Life of Constantine 3:62 and Theodoret’s Ecclesiastical History 1:27)





L29:
(332AD) Letter of Constantine to the Synod of Tyre, Part 2
Synopsis: Subjoined to the letter concerning Eusebius of Caesarea being moved to Antioch.

"CONSTANTINUS AUGUSTUS to the holy council assembled in Tyre.
"In the general prosperity which distinguishes the present time, it seems right that the Catholic Church should likewise be exempt from trouble, and that the servants of Christ should be freed from every reproach. "But certain individuals instigated by the mad desire of contention, not to say leading a life unworthy of their profession, are endeavoring to throw all into disorder. This appears to me to be the greatest of all possible calamities. I beseech you, therefore, in post haste, as the phrase goes, to assemble together, without any delay, in formal synod; so that you may support those who require your assistance. heal the brethren who are in danger, restore unanimity to the divided members, and rectify the disorders of the Church while time permits; and thus restore to those great provinces the harmony which, alas! the arrogance of a few men has destroyed. I believe every one would admit that you could not perform anything so pleasing in the sight of God, so surpassing all my prayers as well as your own, or so conducive to your own reputation, as to restore peace. "Do not ye therefore delay, but when you have come together with all that sincerity and fidelity which our Saviour demands of alI His servants, almost in words that we can hear, endeavour with redoubled eagerness to put a fitting end to these dissensions.

"Nothing shall be omitted on my part to further the interests of our religion. I have done all that you recommended in your letters. I have sent to those bishops whom you specified, directing them to repair to the council for the purpose of deliberating with you upon ecclesiastical matters. I have also sent Dionysius , a man of consular rank, to counsel those who are to sit in synod with you, and to be himself an eye witness of your proceedings, and particularly of the order and regularity that is maintained. If any one should dare on the present occasion also to disobey our command, and refuse to come to the council, which, however, I do not anticipate, an officer will be despatched immediately to send him into banishment by imperial order, that he may learn not to oppose the decrees enacted by the emperor for the support of truth.

"All that now devolves upon your holinesses is to decide with unanimous judgment, without partiality or prejudice, in accordance with the ecclesiastical and apostolical rule, and to devise suitable remedies for the offences which may have resulted from error; in order that the Church may be freed from all reproach, that my anxiety may be diminished, that peace may be restored to those now at variance, and that your renown may be increased. May God preserve you, beloved brethren."
(Preserved in Theodoret’s Ecclesiastical History 1:27)
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Old 06-19-2011, 09:37 PM   #3
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Quote:
Originally Posted by vid View Post
I am not sure how to view Synod of Tyre in light of Arian controversy and position of Constantine. Several questions:

1. Synod of Tyre vs. Council of Tyre: Was this difference between "synod" and "council" something made distinctive then, or is it something done ex-post by Nicaean Catholics?
There are only orthodox christian sources on the epoch of Constantine's rule and they are ONE-SIDED sources. We should expect the actual ancient historical account to be quite different from what these sources claim.


Quote:
2. Can we view Synod of Tyre as Constantine "switching sides" (from Nicaea) to support Arianism?
The Arian controversy is explicitly sourced from the words of Arius which are preserved on the earliest orthodox creeds, and which are taken up by the heretics of the 4th century in more combinations and permutations that you can poke a stick at. The words of Arius are present in five sophisms. Do we need to repeate them here again?

Constantine in no uncertain terms pronounced "damnatio memoriae" on the name, and the books and the political memory of Arius of Alexandria c.325 CE immediately after the council of Nicaea. The orthodox sources after Constantine damn Arius as an antichrist and as a maniac etc, etc, etc. Three years earlier, in c.333 CE, Constantine had written Arius a very nasty letter, calling Arius a "Gallows Rogue" and far worse. An analysis of this letter (here) discloses many reasons for thinking Arius was a WANTED POLITICAL CRIMINAL IN EXILE. (Something like the Dalai Lama fleeing Tibet and the despotic influence of Chairman Mao's military machine and his Little Red Book)

I dont see Constantine changing his mind about the words of Arius. The words of Arius were to be ANATHEMETIZED and anyone following the words of Arius were to be similarly treated. This modus operandi of oppression, persecution and intolerance continued throughout the entire 4th century. The heretics were cut off from the true Constantinian Kingdom.

Quote:
3. What primary sources do we have about Synod of Tyre?

Exceedingly meage and ONE SIDED.
Dogma of the victors.
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Old 06-20-2011, 11:53 AM   #4
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Originally Posted by mountainman View Post
Hey Vid,

There are two letters from Constantine about this synod.

Quote:
L28:
(332AD) Letter of Constantine to the Synod of Tyre, Part 1.
Synopsis: Concerns the removal of Eusebius from Caesarea.


Constantine to the Bishops of Antioch
VICTOR CONSTANTINUS, MAXIMUS AUGUSTUS, to Theodotus, Theodorus, Narcissus, Atius, Alpheus, and the rest of the bishops who are at Antioch. "I have perused the letters written by your Prudences, and highly approve of the wise resolution of your colleague in the ministry, Eusebius. Having, moreover, been informed of the circumstances of the case, partly by your letters, partly by those of our illustrious counts, Acacius and Strategius, after sufficient investigation I have written to the people of Antioch, suggesting the course which will be at once pleasing to God and advantageous for the Church. A copy of this I have ordered to be subjoined to this present letter, in order that ye yourselves may know what I thought fit, as an advocate of the cause of justice, to write to that people: since I find in your letter this proposal, that, in consonance with the choice of the people, sanctioned by your own desire, Eusebius the holy bishop of Caesarea should preside over and take the charge of the church at Antioch. Now the letters of Eusebius himself on this subject appeared to be strictly accordant with the order prescribed by the Church. Nevertheless it is expedient that your Prudences should be made acquainted with my opinion also. For I am informed that Euphronius the presbyter, who is a citizen of Caesarea in Cappadocia, and George of Arethusa, likewise a presbyter, and appointed to that office by Alexander at Alexandria, are men of tried faith. It was right, therefore, to intimate to your Prudences, that in proposing these men and any others whom you may deem worthy the episcopal dignity, you should decide this question in a manner conformable to the tradition of the apostles. For in that case, your Prudences will be able, according to the rule of the Church and apostolic tradition, to direct this election in the manner which true ecclesiastical discipline shall prescribe. God preserve you, beloved brethren!"
(Preserved in Eusebius of Caesarea’s Life of Constantine 3:62 and Theodoret’s Ecclesiastical History 1:27)





L29:
(332AD) Letter of Constantine to the Synod of Tyre, Part 2
Synopsis: Subjoined to the letter concerning Eusebius of Caesarea being moved to Antioch.

"CONSTANTINUS AUGUSTUS to the holy council assembled in Tyre.
"In the general prosperity which distinguishes the present time, it seems right that the Catholic Church should likewise be exempt from trouble, and that the servants of Christ should be freed from every reproach. "But certain individuals instigated by the mad desire of contention, not to say leading a life unworthy of their profession, are endeavoring to throw all into disorder. This appears to me to be the greatest of all possible calamities. I beseech you, therefore, in post haste, as the phrase goes, to assemble together, without any delay, in formal synod; so that you may support those who require your assistance. heal the brethren who are in danger, restore unanimity to the divided members, and rectify the disorders of the Church while time permits; and thus restore to those great provinces the harmony which, alas! the arrogance of a few men has destroyed. I believe every one would admit that you could not perform anything so pleasing in the sight of God, so surpassing all my prayers as well as your own, or so conducive to your own reputation, as to restore peace. "Do not ye therefore delay, but when you have come together with all that sincerity and fidelity which our Saviour demands of alI His servants, almost in words that we can hear, endeavour with redoubled eagerness to put a fitting end to these dissensions.

"Nothing shall be omitted on my part to further the interests of our religion. I have done all that you recommended in your letters. I have sent to those bishops whom you specified, directing them to repair to the council for the purpose of deliberating with you upon ecclesiastical matters. I have also sent Dionysius , a man of consular rank, to counsel those who are to sit in synod with you, and to be himself an eye witness of your proceedings, and particularly of the order and regularity that is maintained. If any one should dare on the present occasion also to disobey our command, and refuse to come to the council, which, however, I do not anticipate, an officer will be despatched immediately to send him into banishment by imperial order, that he may learn not to oppose the decrees enacted by the emperor for the support of truth.

"All that now devolves upon your holinesses is to decide with unanimous judgment, without partiality or prejudice, in accordance with the ecclesiastical and apostolical rule, and to devise suitable remedies for the offences which may have resulted from error; in order that the Church may be freed from all reproach, that my anxiety may be diminished, that peace may be restored to those now at variance, and that your renown may be increased. May God preserve you, beloved brethren."
(Preserved in Theodoret’s Ecclesiastical History 1:27)
Although the chronology of events is confused, I don't think that L28 (about whether Eusebius should move from Caesarea to Antioch) relates to the 335 Synod/Council of Tyre. It seems to be a few years earlier.

Andrew Criddle
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Old 06-20-2011, 01:45 PM   #5
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Originally Posted by vid View Post
1. Synod of Tyre vs. Council of Tyre: Was this difference between "synod" and "council" ....
Not sure this is a real difference, except that a Council would suggest to me an orthodox synod.

Quote:
3. What primary sources do we have about Synod of Tyre?
I'd look in Sozomen, Socrates and Theodoret's Church Histories as a first port of call. There might be something in Philostorgius also.

All the best,

Roger Pearse
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Old 06-21-2011, 12:20 PM   #6
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2. Can we view Synod of Tyre as Constantine "switching sides" (from Nicaea) to support Arianism?
I don't think Tyre is Constantine becoming pro-Arian. I think he is becoming hostile to Athanasius specifically. Constantine is coming to regard Athanasius not as a heretic, but as an over-powerful bully.

Andrew Criddle
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