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Myth vs History: Robbins, John and Ovid
It is almost Easter, and that is always a good time to contemplate upon the difference between the historical and the mythical approach to sacred tales. To do so I'll mainly present some quotes from others. Not that these quotes have anything to do with Easter as such, what I'm interested in here is the difference between the two approaches, specifically the difference between texts representing a (mythic) tradition and being (historically) derived from each other.
To set the scene regarding that difference, I'll start with a quote from Tom Robbins:
Quote:
Originally Posted by Tom Robbins, Villa Incognito, first part of Ch 1
It has been reported that Tanuki fell from the sky using his scrotum as a parachute.
That is not so ridiculous when we take into account the unusual size of Tanuki's scrotum.
Well, okay, it's still pretty ridiculous--and no less so just because in relation to his overall body mass, Tanuki's scrotum is proportionately larger than the scrota of elephants, whales, and the Jolly Green Giant. In those days, his testicular balloon bag may actually have been even more voluminous than it is today, though that's difficult to imagine since his balls very nearly drag the ground as it is, and any increase in volume would surely have been an impediment to mobility if, indeed, not a source of some pain. There is also the possibility that Tanuki had (and perhaps still has) the power to increase or decrease scrotum size at will.
Yet, having said all that, we must concede that the role of anatomical size per se in Tanuki's descent is not easy to determine, and a more pertinent question might not be how the badger managed to use his significant seed sack to parachute to earth but, rather: Where did he parachute from? And why?
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Villa Incognito (or via: amazon.co.uk)
We'll now follow Robbins' advice and ignore historicity (the anatomical details) while focusing on the mythical meaning (the whence and especially the why) of the following two pieces of text. First a perennial favorite: Jesus chat with Nicodemus in John 3:
Quote:
Originally Posted by John 3:1-21
1 Now there was a man of the Pharisees named Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish ruling council. 2 He came to Jesus at night and said, "Rabbi, we know you are a teacher who has come from God. For no one could perform the miraculous signs you are doing if God were not with him."
3 In reply Jesus declared, "I tell you the truth, no one can see the kingdom of God unless he is born again [or: from above]."
"How can a man be born when he is old?" Nicodemus asked. "Surely he cannot enter a second time into his mother's womb to be born!"
5 Jesus answered, "I tell you the truth, no one can enter the kingdom of God unless he is born of water and the Spirit. 6 Flesh gives birth to flesh, but the Spirit gives birth to spirit. 7 You should not be surprised at my saying, 'You must be born again.' 8 The wind [or spirit] blows wherever it pleases. You hear its sound, but you cannot tell where it comes from or where it is going. So it is with everyone born of the Spirit."
9 "How can this be?" Nicodemus asked.
10 "You are Israel's teacher," said Jesus, "and do you not understand these things? 11 I tell you the truth, we speak of what we know, and we testify to what we have seen, but still you people do not accept our testimony. 12 I have spoken to you of earthly things and you do not believe; how then will you believe if I speak of heavenly things? 13 No one has ever gone into heaven except the one who came from heaven—the Son of Man. 14 Just as Moses lifted up the snake in the desert, so the Son of Man must be lifted up, 15 that everyone who believes in him may have eternal life.
16 "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. 17 For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him. 18 Whoever believes in him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned already because he has not believed in the name of God's one and only Son. 19 This is the verdict: Light has come into the world, but men loved darkness instead of light because their deeds were evil. 20 Everyone who does evil hates the light, and will not come into the light for fear that his deeds will be exposed. 21 But whoever lives by the truth comes into the light, so that it may be seen plainly that what he has done has been done through God."
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Keep the bits about the spirit (or wind, same word in Greek) in mind when reading the piece from Ovid below. John's piece has at least three layers: the historical (a guy called Jesus is chatting with a guy called Nicodemus), the supernatural (Jesus is talking about big sky-daddy), and the mythical/mystical (what Jesus is really talking about). For an interpretation of the latter, see this post.
Now we move on to Ovid, who is talking about the same thing as Jesus was in John 3. Ovid let's Pythagoras speak:
Quote:
Originally Posted by Ovidius on Pythagoras, Metamorphoses Bk XV:143-~190
‘Now, since a god moves my lips, I will follow, with due rite, the god who moves those lips, and reveal my beloved Delphi and the heavens themselves, and unlock the oracles of that sublime mind. I will speak of mighty matters, not fathomed by earlier greatness, things long hidden. I delight in journeying among the distant stars: I delight in leaving earth and its dull spaces, to ride the clouds; to stand on the shoulders of mighty Atlas, looking down from far off on men, wandering here and there, devoid of knowledge, anxious, fearing death; to read the book of fate, and to give them this encouragement!
O species, stunned by your terror of chill death, why fear the Styx, why fear the ghosts and empty names, the stuff of poets, the spectres of a phantom world? Do not imagine you can suffer any evil, whether your bodies are consumed by the flames of the funeral pyre, or by wasting age! Souls are free from death, and always, when they have left their previous being, they live in new dwelling-places, and inhabit what received them. I myself (for I remember) was Euphorbus, son of Panthoüs, at the time of the Trojan War, in whose chest was pinned the heavy spear of the lesser Atrides, Menelaüs. I recognised the shield I used to carry on my left arm, recently, in the temple of Juno at Argos, city of Abas!
Everything changes, nothing dies: the spirit wanders, arriving here or there, and occupying whatever body it pleases, passing from a wild beast into a human being, from our body into a beast, but is never destroyed. As pliable wax, stamped with new designs, is no longer what it was; does not keep the same form; but is still one and the same; I teach that the soul is always the same, but migrates into different forms. So, I say as a seer, cease to make kindred spirits homeless, by wicked slaughter: do not let blood be nourished by blood!’
‘Since I have embarked on the wide ocean, and given full sails to the wind, I say there is nothing in the whole universe that persists. Everything flows, and is formed as a fleeting image. Time itself, also, glides, in its continual motion, no differently than a river. For neither the river, nor the swift hour can stop: but as wave impels wave, and as the prior wave is chased by the coming wave, and chases the one before, so time flees equally, and, equally, follows, and is always new. For what was before is left behind: and what was not comes to be: and each moment is renewed.’
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Of course what Ovid says (or has Pythagoras say) sounds quite different than what John has Jesus say. Unless you focus on the spirit bit, perhaps, I have bolded two pieces to help things along a bit. The historical layer is obviously different, as is the supernatural one. In the latter Jesus talks about sky-daddy, while Pythagoras talks about immortality of the soul and reincarnation. But the mystical layer is quite similar.
In the beginning of this post I mentioned being interested in the difference between historical derivation and standing in a similar tradition: The quotes from John and Ovid contain echoes of each other, they both come from the same tradition. But that doesn't mean they were derived from each other.
Gerard Stafleu
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