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Old 04-19-2003, 06:52 PM   #11
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Try here, here, and here for an explanation of chance events.
It also sounds like you're talking about "irreducible complexity," or at least "it all fails if anything fails". Well, take the arch. If you take away any stone, the whole thing falls apart. So it must have been created whole, right? Wrong: you use a semi-circular wooden construction to hold the sides up. When you place the keystone, it locks and becomes self-supporting, so you can remove the external wooden support.
To see how, say, a mousetrap isn't irreducibly complex, go here.

For an example of evolution in a simulated environment, Lobstrosity had a very good one on a thread a while back.
Quote:
Originally posted by Lobstrosity in the thread "Why is the goal survival?".

I have no idea how applicable this is, but it seems like it might pertain to the original topic of this thread, so I'll mention it. Maybe Keith can get some insight out of it, or maybe not.

About six years ago, when I was a senior in high school, I did a programming project for the state science fair entitled "Virtual Mating" in which a population of artificial organisms evolved over time to talk to each other. Basically, each organism had a genetic structure that encoded how it would respond to certain environmental stimuli (think of these as insects with incredibly simple brains, so actions are based on instinct, not behaviors learned over one individual's lifetime) as they moved around on a wrap-around grid representing their world. If a male found a female, they would produce offspring whose genetic structures were a mixture of their parents with mutations added at some low fixed rate (meant to mimic the genetic crossover that occurs through biological sexual reproduction).

The twist came from the fact that the males were handicapped such that they could move but could not see. The females were handicapped such that they could see but not move. The females were able to make eight different "sounds" that the males could hear and differentiate. The females' calls were genetically encoded to correspond to the position at which they saw the males in their fields of vision and the orientations of the males relative to themselves. The males would then make genetically encoded movements based on the calls they heard. In the absence of sound, the males would move in a cyclical sequence of eight steps that was encoded by their genetic structure. This would basically be the default "blind & deaf"-man's woman-hunting strategy--how does he move so as to maximize his chances of running into a female. Once he gets near enough to the female, the "goal" would be that she will guide him to her using her sexy, seductive voice.

Now, the initial population of organisms had its genetic structures generated completely at random, so each female would possibly give different calls for the same position and each male would possibly interpret a given female call differerently. Basically, there was no set language that these guys could use to communicate with as everyone was saying their own thing and everyone had their own idea what things should mean. So initially you ended up with a lot of confused artificial organisms. The most confused (e.g. the ones who spent their lives moving in little circles or just sitting there) died out, paving the way for generations of organisms who like to move in straight or nearly-straight lines.

Interestingly, however, over time, the organisms would genetically evolve a language (using essentially the same genetic reproductive scheme all sexual biological creatures use, hence lending credance to the notion that Darwinian evolution can actually lead to dramatic changes in a species). The females would come to all agree genetically on which calls to give for a given position in their field of vision and the males would all come to agree genetically on what each call meant. More importantly, though, the eventual evolved language would be the most efficient language such that the males would find the females in the fewest number of moves once the females caught sight of them. The males also evolved the most efficient search algorithms for finding the females (i.e. their cyclic pattern of moves carried out when not being called to). Through genetic evolution, they would evolve to increase their reproduction rate by almost two orders of magnitude.

Now let me just state here for the record, in case this wasn't clear, that I did not "program" the evolution that was observed. All I did was set up an environment and a group of things that could move in that environment based on a set of physical rules. The physical rules simply indicated that if two creatures touched, two more would be made that were essentially a mixture of their parents while at the same time the two oldest would be removed. That's it. This thing was just allowed to run as is. I wasn't in there selecting and rewarding those who I thought were the most fit to survive. There was no "purpose" to anything they did. No actions were considered "good" by the program and nothing was rewarded. If the creatures didn't "want" to reproduce, so be it. In this world there was no right and no wrong, no better and no worse. My goal was just to observe what would happen to their genetic structures over time in a world with a few select physical laws (and I had no idea what actually would happen when I first ran the program, to be honest). As such, I see the results as rather strong evidence that any population that is constrained by a set of physical rules and that reproduces sexually will experience Darwinian evolution. I honestly don't see how they can not evolve. I know evolution is just a theory, but models like this demonstrate conclusively that it actually can work. They demonstrate the theory in action without in any inherent knowledge of or bias towards evolution to begin with. Though this isn't the most realistic model, I still would argue that it realistically shows that sexual reproduction results in "evolution" of genetic material. Sexual reproduction simply makes "survival" the goal through it's passing successful genetic material into the next generation's gene pool.

And just to address the argument that these results were simply due to a massive reduction in genetic diversity as the initial random population suffered massive stupidity-related casualties:
One interesting result was that since there were five moves a male could carry out--jump (move forward two squares, skipping the one in the middle), move forward, turn right, turn left, and do nothing--while the females could make eight different sounds, you would very often get populations in which the females were not all genetically identical. A certain fragment of the population would use call 1 to be forward whereas another fragment would be using call 2 to mean forward. This is allowed because you have more calls than possible moves. In essence you'd have the evolution of dialects amongst the females.

Another highly interesting finding was that if I let the creatures have genetic tags which allow for them to be deaf/mute, they will instantly evolve to be deaf and mute. Though this does not allow for the optimal mate-finding strategy, it is very helpful in the early days when no one knows what the fuck anyone is talking about. If they can shut out the noise, they do better. Amazingly, after a long-ass time, the population will spontaneously evolve to again hear and speak and almost instantly will experience an exponential jump in reproduction. What's been happening is that the unexpressed genes that encode for the language have been evolving behind the scenes, and once they randomly reach something that's not incredibly chaotically detrimental, a mutatations can allow for hearing and speaking to once again be expressed. Basically, this would be characterized as spontaneous evolution. Certain theories exist that predict spontaneous evolution can occur in the real world, and my simple model demonstrated that sexual reproduction can indeed lead to evolutionary leaps that occur over incredibly short timeframes (at least under these simplified constraints). It even suggested one possible mechanism for such evolutionary leaps.

To summarize, I as God of this world, had no purpose in mind when I set these guys lose. They could have done whatever they wanted (i.e. their genetic structures could have remained unchanged or they could have changed according to any imaginable scheme). Despite this lack of purpose, they still evolved an incredibly complex method for maximizing reproductive success.
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Old 04-20-2003, 03:57 PM   #12
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Quote Chiron
Try here, here, and here for an explanation of chance events.
It also sounds like you're talking about "irreducible complexity," or at least "it all fails if anything fails". Well, take the arch. If you take away any stone, the whole thing falls apart. So it must have been created whole, right? Wrong: you use a semi-circular wooden construction to hold the sides up. When you place the keystone, it locks and becomes self-supporting, so you can remove the external wooden support.
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The arch is a good example of a static object, that you first of all place a support underneath, a sort of a scaffold or splint.

If you are going down the line of irreducible complexity I like the one about the knee joint, which needs 16 critical characteristics to work at the same time.

Now you could apply a splint to the leg and each of these characteristics could evolve independently like your arch.

But if you have a splint you do not have a moving joint, so it becomes a pointless exercise.

Sorry I am not sure how to do hyper links, so I am not sure if this will work but you can find it by looking for..

Critical Characteristics and the Irreducible Knee Joint.

by Stuart Burgess, he is a design engineer.

Critical Characteristics and the Irreducible Knee Joint.

Peace

Eric
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Old 04-20-2003, 05:27 PM   #13
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Eric H:
If you are going down the line of irreducible complexity I like the one about the knee joint, which needs 16 critical characteristics to work at the same time.

And what are those characteristics?

I fail to see how a knee joint is irreducibly complex.
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Old 04-20-2003, 07:19 PM   #14
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Quote:
Originally posted by lpetrich
Eric H:
If you are going down the line of irreducible complexity I like the one about the knee joint, which needs 16 critical characteristics to work at the same time.

And what are those characteristics?

I fail to see how a knee joint is irreducibly complex.
In fact, the knee joint is a kludged-up piece of shit. Both mine are shot, and I'm not an athlete. The spine won't won't win any engineering-for-a-biped prizes, either.

Evolution takes whatever is lying around the shop and cobbles it up to work. Sometimes it would have been much better if ol' Ev had started over from scratch.

Irreductably complex. Hah!! Any decent welder could do better.

doov (with a new and vastly improved hip and a candidate for new knees. Also spinal fusions, @$#&%%!).
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Old 04-20-2003, 11:03 PM   #15
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Since Eric's link didn't work, I'm providing one here

http://www.trueorigin.org/knee.asp

Go shred it
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Old 04-21-2003, 05:28 AM   #16
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Hello Fisheye,
Sorry I couldn’t get your link to work, but is it the same one by Stuart Burgess a design engineer who has fifty papers and patents on design.


peace

Eric
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Old 04-21-2003, 07:53 AM   #17
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Quote:
Originally posted by Eric H
You start of from a single cell and as the cells grow in numbers each cell is in exactly the right place in the body; and then you end up with an adult creature that has a hundred million-million cells, and each cell is in exactly the right place.
That's not quite accurate, because what constitutes "the right place" isn't defined before hand. If a creature survives long enough to produce offspring, it's cells were in "the right place". If it doesn't, they weren't. There are probably millions of other possible ways life could have evolved. The way we see is the way it happened here, but it's not the only possibility. That's why the dice-rolling analogy doesn't quite work. Because in that example, we set an arbitrary victory condition of rolling all sixes. But with the evolution of life, there wasn't a pre-set victory condition, and the definition of success is not arbitrary. There were many possible outcomes; the most successful outcomes were able to reproduce and pass their DNA on, and we see the results now and call it "life on earth".
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Old 04-23-2003, 07:09 AM   #18
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Quote:
Originally posted by Eric H
Hello Fisheye,
Sorry I couldn’t get your link to work, but is it the same one by Stuart Burgess a design engineer who has fifty papers and patents on design.


peace

Eric
I have seen it (and shredded it) before.

Regardless of how many papers and patents Stuart Burgess has on design, he is ignorant of evolution, and what characteristics a genuine example of "irreducible complexity" would need in order to pose a problem.

His fallacy is that he's thinking of what human knees need. He doesn't realize that knees evolved in critters rather like modern lungfish, who dragged themselves along on their bellies with the help of stiffened fins that eventually became legs.

A proto-knee is nothing more than a piece of flexible cartilage between two pieces of stiffer cartilage. Over time, the stiffer cartilage became the leg bones, and the band of flexible cartilage lost excess cartilage until the present configuration of cartilage strips emerged.

It's just another "take this bit away, and the modern organ won't work anymore" fallacy. At least Michael Behe, in his use of the bacterial flagellum, was working with an organ that didn't have a well-known set of intermediate stages still in existence.

A classic exmaple of cretinist woolly-thinking. Presumably his assumption that humans don't have animal ancestors prevented him from looking at all those intermediate knees that still exist. It would have been easy for him to find out how the knee evolved: but he just didn't bother.
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Old 04-23-2003, 03:13 PM   #19
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Quote:
Originally posted by yguy
The analogy fails miserably because someone had to manufacture the dice in such a way that boxcars in any combination are a possibility to begin with.
However, many Creationists argue that life is too improbable to have formed on its own. If one uses this point, one concedes this possibility.
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Old 04-23-2003, 03:38 PM   #20
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Quote:
Originally posted by Eric H
quote BRO3886

Even so , you could use any natural or un-natural object with more than one possible state and the counter-arguement would still be the same "Given enough goes , result x is certain"
------------------------


I feel that no matter how much time there is, or how big the universe is; that you would still need billions of things to happen in a precise way for complex life to evolve to what you see today.

You start of from a single cell and as the cells grow in numbers each cell is in exactly the right place in the body; and then you end up with an adult creature that has a hundred million-million cells, and each cell is in exactly the right place.

Mathematically what are the odds of creating something through the evolution process and getting a hundred million-million components in the right place.
Actually, once life is formed, something is more or less garunteed to result. Multi-celluar life may be relatively improbable judging by the hundreds of miilions of years it took to evolve, but given enough time it would arise.

Quote:
I am told that the odds to get six numbers right out of a possible forty nine numbers to win the English lottery is only about fourteen million to one.

What are the odds to get around ninety nine million-million cells right out of a possible hundred million-million.
One doesn't jump from bacteria to humans. Look at the simplicity of sponges and jellyfish, which are little above groups of specialized individuals.

Quote:
I have left a million-million out of the equation just to say that maybe you don’t need one hundred percent success.

How would a creature survive if you mixed up cells for eyes,bones, nose, blood, etc.

Peace

Eric
Complex creatures wouldn't. Sponges and jellyfish are able to regenerate from such attacks.
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