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Quote:
Originally Posted by Toto
I went back and read what Richard Carrier wrote about Kata Sarka in his revied of Doherty:
I went back and read what Richard Carrier wrote about Kata Sarka in his revied of Doherty:
Quote:
The actual phrase used, kata sarka, is indeed odd if it is supposed to emphasize an earthly sojourn. The preposition kata with the accusative literally means "down" or "down to" and implies motion, usually over or through its object, hence it literally reads "down through flesh" or "down to flesh" or even "towards flesh." It very frequently, by extension, means "at" or "in the region of," and this is how Doherty reads it. It only takes on the sense "in accordance with" in reference to fitness or conformity (via using kata as "down to" a purpose rather than a place), and thus can also mean "by flesh," "for flesh," "concerning flesh," or "in conformity with flesh." I have only seen it mean "according to" when followed by a cited author (e.g. "according to Euripedes," i.e. "down through, or in the region of Euripedes"), so it is unconventional to translate it as most Bibles do (a point against the usual reading and in favor of Doherty's). Even the "usual reading" is barely intelligible in the orthodox sense, especially since on that theory we should expect en sarki instead. The word kata can also have a comparative meaning, "corresponding with, after the fashion of," in other words "like flesh." In short, all of the common meanings of kata with the accusative support Doherty's reading: Jesus descended to and took on the likeness of flesh. It does not entail that he walked the earth.
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OK. Now, leaving aside the important question of whether any commentator on Rom. 1:3, including Barrett, has ever said that what Paul was "emphasizing" in Rom. 1:3 in his use of KATA SARKA was "an earthly sojurn" on the part of Jesus, and therefore, whether Carrier is here really arguing against an irrelevant thesis (and has not engaged in equivocation):
Let's first compare what Carrier says about KATA with what is said about KATA in the entry on the preposition in LSJ (the online version of which I've quoted below in its entirety) to see if LSJ is the source for what Carrier says about KATA.
If it is – and to my eyes there seems to be more than enough evidence to say without hesitation that it is – then let's ask whether we can escape the conclusion that Carrier is aware of what LSJ says on KATA.
My answer, is no. How could it be othewise?
Let's also note that LSJ says far more about what KATA with the accusative means (literally or otherwise), and shows that the range of "common" meanings for KATA was far greater, than what Carrier says on these matters.
So given this, and given the truth of my claim that that Carrier used LSJ as his source and therefore was aware that there was more data in LSJ on the matters on which he pronounces than he lets on and words his statements to give the impression there is, then let's note that my charges
(a) not only that Carrier is wrong in his claim that " In short, all of the common meanings of kata with the accusative support Doherty's reading" , but
(b) that he has "cooked the evidence" (in the sense of what I have noted "cooked the evidence" means) in making his case
are indeed the case or at least not without warrant.
Jeffrey
Quote:
kata [ka^ta^], poet. katai acc. to A.D.Synt.309.28, found in Compds., as kataibatês: Prep. with gen. or acc.:--
A. downwards.
A. WITH GEN.,
I. denoting motion from above, down from, bê de kat' Oulumpoio karênôn, kat' Idaiôn oreôn, baleein k. petrês, Il. 22.187, 16.677, Od.14.399; kat' ouranou eilêlouthas Il.6.128 ; kath' hippôn aïxante ib.232; dakrua . . k. blepharôn Chamadis rhee 17.438 ; hieis sauton k. tou teichous Ar.V.355 ; halomenoi k. tês petras X.An.4.2.17 ; k. tôn petrôn ôsai Pl.Phdr.229c ; k. krêmnôn rhiphentes Id.Lg.944a :-- for kat' akrês v. akra: Moisa k. stomatos Chee nektar Theoc.7.82 (but perh. in sense 11.1).
II. denoting downward motion,
1. down upon or over, k. Chthonos ommata pêxas Il.3.217 ; of the dying, kata . . ophthalmôn kechut' achlus a cloud settled upon the eyes, 5.696, cf. 20.321; ton de kat' ophthalmôn . . nux ekalupsen 13.580 ; pharos kak kephalês eirusse down over . . , Od.8.85; [kopros] k. speious kechuto . . pollê 9.330 ; hudôr k. Cheiros, v. Cheir; muron k. tês kephalês katacheantes Pl.R.398a; narkê mou k. tês Cheiros katacheitai Ar.V.713 ; k. tês trapezês katapasas tephran Id.Nu.177 ; xainein k. tou nôtou pollas [plêgas] D.19.197; eskedasmenoi k. tês Chôras Plb.1.17.10 ; hoi k. nôtou ponountes Id.3.19.7 ; rhopalon êlasa kak kephalês Theoc.25.256 ; k. korrês paiein, = epi korrês, Luc.Cat.12, al.
b. Geom., along, upon, piptein kat' [eutheias] Archim.Sph.Cyl.1 Def.2; hai gôniai k. kuklôn periphereiôn enechthêsontai will move on . . , ib.1.23, al., cf. Aristarch.Sam.1.
2. down into, nektar staxe k. rhinôn Il.19.39 ; of a dart, k. gaiês ôicheto 13.504 , etc.; ethêke kat' ochthês meilinon enchos 21.172 ; psuchê k. Chthonos ôicheto 23.100 ; k. gas underground, Pi.O.2.59; kat' hudatos under water, Hdt.2.149; [potamos] dus k. tês gês Pl.Phd. [p. 883] 113c, cf. Ti.25d; k. gês sumenai A.Eu.1007 (anap.); k. Chthonos krupsai to bury. S.Ant.24; ho k. gês one dead and buried, X.Cyr.4.6.5; hoi k. Chthonos theoi A.Pers.689 , etc.; theoi<hoi> k. gas Id.Ch.475 (lyr.), etc.; so k. thalassês aphanizesthai, katadedukenai, Hdt.7.6,235; also bate kat' antithurôn go down by or through . . , S.El.1433.
3. later, towards a point, toxeuein k. skopou to shoot at, Hdn.6.7.8; kat' ichnôn tinos hodeuein Luc.Rh.Pr.9 .
4. of vows or oaths, by, kath' hêmôn omnunai D.29.26 , cf. 54.38; epiorkêsasa k. tôn paidôn Lys.32.13 ; esp. of the victims, etc., over which the oath is taken, omnuontôn ton epichôrion horkon kath' hierôn teleiôn Foed. ap. Th.5.47, cf. Arist.Ath.29.5, Foed.Delph.Pell.1A9, etc.; k. tôn nikêtêriôn euxamenoi D.Ep.1.16 ; also kat' exôleias omnunai to imprecate destruction on oneself, Id.21.119; kat' ex. epiorkein Id.57.22 .
b. to make a vow towards, i.e. make a vow of offering . . , k. Chiliôn euchên poiêsasthai Chimarôn Ar. Eq.660 .
5. in hostile sense, against, A.Ch.221, S.Aj.304, etc.; k. pantôn phuesthai D.18.19 ; esp. of judges giving sentence against a person, A.Th.198, S.Aj.449, etc.; pseudesthai kata tinos Lys.22.7 ; legein kata tinos kaka S.Ph.65 , cf. X.HG1.5.2, etc.; of speeches, [logos] k. Meidiou, etc. (opp. pros Leptinên, in reply to L.); dôra eilêphenai kata tinos Din.3.6 , cf. 18.
6. of Time,for, misthoun k. eikosi etôn IG12.94.37 ; k. biou for life, Tab.Heracl.1.50; kap pantos Chronoi IG9(2).517.20 (Larissa) (but k. pantos tou Chronou skepsasthe D. 22.72 falls under 7); k. pantos tou aiônos aeimnêston Lycurg.7 .
7. in respect of, concerning, mê kat' anthrôpôn skopei monon touto Pl. Phd.70d ; k. tôn allôn technôn toiauta heurêsomen Id.Sph.253b ; hoi k. Dêmosthenous epainoi praises bestowed on D., Aeschin.3.50; erein or legein kata tinos to say of one, Pl.Ap.37b, Prt.323b, etc.; ei k. thêleias phaiês A.D.Synt.198.10 ; eiper hen ge ti zêteis k. pantôn Pl.Men. 73d , cf. 74b; hoper eirêtai katholou k. pasôn tôn politeiôn Arist.Pol. 1307b2 ; freq. in the Logic of Arist., kata tinos legesthai or katêgoreisthai to be predicated of . . , Int.16b10, Cat.1b10, etc.; kataphêsai (or apophêsai) ti kata tinos to affirm (or deny) of . . , Metaph.1007b21; so k. tinos huparchein Int.16b13 : and in Adv. katholou (q.v.).
B. WITH Acc.,
I. of motion downwards, k. rhoon down stream, Od.14.254, Il.12.33; opp. ana ton potamon, Hdt.2.96; k. ton potamon, k. to hudation, Id.1.194, Pl.Phdr.229a; kat' ouron ienai, rhein, down (i.e. with) the wind, A.Th.690, S.Tr.468; k. pneuma, kat' anemon histasthai to leeward, Arist.HA535a19, 560b13, Dsc.4.153.
2. with or without signf. of motion, on, over, throughout a space, freq. in Hom., kath' Hellada kai meson Argos Od.1.344 ; kat' Achaïda, k. Troiên, Il.11.770, 9.329; kat' êeroenta keleutha Od.20.64 ; k. ponton, kuma, hulên, Il.4.276, 6.136, 3.151; k. ptolin Od.2.383 ; k. astu, oikon, Il.18.286, 6.56; k. homilon, straton, 3.36, 1.229; k. klisias te neas te ib.487; polemon kata dakruoenta 17.512 ; k. husminên, mothon, klonon, 5.84, 18.159, 16.331; to hudôr k. tous taphrous echôrei X.Cyr.7.5.16 , etc. (in later Gr.of motion to a place, k. tên Italian Zos.3.1 ); kath' Hellada A.Ag.578 ; k. ptolin Id.Th.6 ; hai skênai hai k. tên agoran D.18.169 ; ta kat' agrous Dionusia Aeschin.1.157 , etc.; k. to proastion Hdt.3.54 ; tumbon kat' auton A. Th.528 , cf. Supp.869 (lyr.): Geom., at a point, Euc.1.1,al.; temnein [sphairan] k. kuklon in a circle, Archim.Aren.1.17; also, in the region of, hoi k. ton hêlion ginomenoi asteres Gem.12.7 : freq. in Hom. in describing the place of a wound, balein k. stêthos, gastera, etc., Il.11.108, 16.465, al.; nuxe k. dexion ômon 5.46 ; outase kat' ischion 11.339 ; so balein kat' aspida, k. zôstêra, 5.537,615; belos k. kairion êlthen struck upon a vital part, v.l. in 11.439: metaph., achos k. phrena tupse 19.125 : generally, k. phrena kai kata thumon in heart and soul, 4.163, al.
3. opposite, over against, k. Sinôpên polin Hdt.1.76 , cf. 2.148, Th.2.30, etc.; anêr kat' andra A.Th.505 ; molôn . . moi k. stoma Id.Ch.573 ; kat' ophthalmous tinos LXX 2 Ki.12.11 ; hoi men Athênaioi k. Lakedaimonious egenonto X.HG4.2.18 ; kat' Achaious antetachthêsan ibid.; en sumposiôi . . , perimene, mechris an genêtai kata se Epict.Ench. 15 , cf. D.L.7.108.
II. distributively, of a whole divided into parts, krin' andras k. phula, k. phrêtras by tribes, by clans, Il.2.362; k. spheas macheontai by themselves, separately, ib.366, cf. Th.4.64; eskênoun k. taxeis X.Cyr.2.1.25 ; autê kath' hautên A.Pr.1013 ; k. kômas katoikêmenoi in separate villages, Hdt.1.96; kat' heôutous hekastoi etraponto each to his own home, Id.5.15; k. poleis apopleusai, dialuthênai, Th.1.89, 3.1: stratia k. hendeka merê kekosmêmenê Pl.Phdr.247a ; later hoi kat' andra logoi PLond.2.259.72 (i A. D.), cf. D.Chr.32.6, etc.; hê kat' oikian apographê PLond.3.904.20 (ii A.D.), etc.; kat' epos word by word, Ar.Ra.802; kat' onoma individually, 3 Ep.Jo.15, etc.; paida k. krênên at each fount a boy, Lyr.Alex.Adesp.37.13, cf. POxy 2108.9 (iii A.D.).
2. of Time, kath' hêmeran, kat' êmar, day by day, daily, v. hêmera 111; kath' heniauton, kat' etos, Test.Epict.6.24, Ev.Luc.2.41, etc.; k. mêna POxy.275.18 (i A.D.).
3. of Numbers, by so many at a time, kath' hena one at a time, individually, Hdt.7.104 (later to kath' hen detailed list, PTeb.47.34 (ii B.C.), etc.); k. mian te kai duo by ones and twos, Hdt.4.113; duo mneai tetagmenai kat' andra aichmalôton hekaston Id.6.79 ; ek tôn summachôn exelegeto kat' oligous Id.8.113 ; k. tas pente kai eikosi mnas pentakosias drachmas eispherein to pay 500 drachmae on every 25 minae, D.27.7; k. diakosias kai triakosias homou ti talanton diakechrêmenon in separate sums of 200 and 300 drachmae, Id.27.11; of ships, k. mian (sc. naun) in column, Th.2.90; k. mian naun epitattein Plb.1.26.12 , cf. Th.2.84: Geom., metrein, metreisthai kata . . , measure, be measured a certain number of times, Euc.7 Def.8,9,al.; metrein k. tas en tôi B monadas as many times as there are units in B, Id.7.16.
III. of direction towards an object or purpose, plein k. prêxin on a business, for or after a matter, Od. 3.72, 9.253; plazesthai k. lêïda to rove in search of booty, 3.106; k. lêïên ekplôsai Hdt.2.152 ; ebê k. daita Il.1.424 ; epidêmein kat' emporian IG22.141.32 , cf. Arist.Ath.11.1; k. Chreos tinos elthein come to seek his help, consult him, Od.11.479, etc.; hietai k. tên phônên Hdt.2.70 ; k. thean hêkein to have come for the purpose of seeing, Th.6.31; k. ploun êdê ôn Id.7.31 ; kath' harpagên eskedasmenoi X.An.3.5.2 ; k. ti; for what purpose? why? Ar.Nu.239.
2. of pursuit, k. podas tinos elaunein Hdt.9.89 ; simply k. tina after him, Id.1.84; ienai k. tous allous Id.9.53 ; kat' ichnos on the track, S.Aj.32, A.Ag.695 (lyr.); hôsper kat' ichnê k. ta nun eirêmena zên Pl.Phd.115b .
3. Geom., in adverbial phrases, k. katheton in the same vertical line, Archim. Quadr.6; kat' eutheian tini in the same straight line with . . , Papp. 58.7.
IV. of fitness or conformity, in accordance with, k. thumon Il.1.136 ; kath' hêmeteron noon after our liking, 9.108; k. noon prêxômen Hdt.4.97 ; k. moiran as is meet and right, Il.1.286; kat' aisan, k. kosmon, 10.445,472; k. nomon Hes.Th.417 ; kan nomon Pi.O.8.78 ; k. tous nomous IG22.1227.15 ; aitian kath' hêntina for what cause, A.Pr. 228; kat' echthran, k. phthonon, for (i.e. because of) hatred, envy, Id.Supp.336, Eu.686; kath' hêdonên ti dran, poiein, do as one pleases, Th. 2.37,53; k. to echthos to Thessalôn Hdt.8.30 , cf. 9.38; k. philian, kat' echthos, Th.1.60, 103, etc.; kat' allo men ouden, hoti de . . for no other reason but that . . , Pl.Phdr.229d; k. dunamin to the best of one's power, Hdt.3.142, etc. (kad d. Hes.Op.336); k. tropon dioikein arrange suitably, Isoc.2.6,al.; kat' eunoiên with goodwill, Hdt.6.108; k. ta parêngelmena X.An.2.2.8 , etc.; in quotations, according to, kat' Aischulon Ar.Th.134 ; k. Pindaron Pl.Phdr.227b , etc.
2. in relation to, concerning, ta kat' anthrôpous = ta anthrôpina, A.Eu.930, 310; ta k. ton Tellon Hdt.1.31 ; ta k. tên Kurou teleutên ib.214; ta k. polemon military matters, Aeschin.1.181; hai k. tên polin oikonomiai (opp. hai polemikai praxeis) the management of public affairs, Din. 1.97; ta k. tas thusias SIG506.7 (Delph., iii B.C.); so to kat' humeas as far as concerns you, Hdt.7.158; to kat' eme as far as I am concerned, D.18.247; k. touto in this respect, Hdt.5.3, etc.; k. tauta in the same way, Id.2.20; kath' hoti so far as, Th.1.82, etc.
3. in Comparisons, corresponding with, after the fashion of, kromuoio lopon k. like the coat of an onion, dub. in Od.19.233; melos k. Phoinissan empolan pempetai Pi.P.2.67 ; k. Mithradatên answering to the description of him, Hdt.1.121; tên idean k. pnigea like an oven in appearance, Ar.Av.1001; kêdeusai kath' heauton to marry in one's own rank of life, A.Pr.890; ou kat' anthrôpon phronein Id.Th.425 ; legô kat' andra, mê theon, sebein eme Id.Ag.925 ; ou kata se none of your sort, Chionid.1 (but hina proseipô se kata se to address you in your own style, Pl.Grg.467c); to kat' eme kai ou kat' eme Arr.Epict.1.28.5 ; ou k. tas Meidiou lêitourgias D.21.169 ; hê basileia k. tên aristokratian esti Arist.Pol.1310b3 : freq. after a Comp., mezôn ê kat' anthrôpôn phusin Hdt.8.38 , cf. Pl.Ap.20e, etc.; meizô ê k. dakrua too great for tears, Th.7.75; êthea bathutera ê k. Thrêïkas morerefined than was common among the Thracians, Hdt.4.95.
V. by the favour of a god, etc., k. daimona Pi.O.9.28 , cf. P.8.68; k. theion Ar.Eq.147 codd. (k. theon Cobet); k. tuchên tina D.48.24 .
VI. of round numbers (v. infr. v11.2), nearly, about, k. Chilia hexakosia etea 1600 years more or less, Hdt.2.145, cf. 6.44, al.; kat' ouden next to nothing, Pl.Plt.302b.
VII. of Time, during or in the course of a period, k. ton polemon Hdt.7.137 ; kath' hêmeran, kat' êmar, by day, A. Ch.818, Ag.668; kat' euphronên Id.Pers.221 ; k. Cheimôna, k. thereian, PLille1r14 (iii B.C.), PTeb.27.60 (ii B.C.).
2. about, k. ton auton touton Chronon Hdt.3.131 , etc.; k. tous thanatous tôn basileôn Id.6.58 ; esp. with names of persons, k. Amasin basileuonta about the time of Amasis, Id.2.134; k. ton k. Kroison Chronon Id.1.67 ; hoi kat' ekeinon (sc. ton Alkibiadên) humeteroi progonoi D.21.146 (v.l. kat' ek. ton Chronon); k. tous Hêrakleidas X.Lac.10.8 ; hoi kath' heautous anthrôpoi their contemporaries, Id.Mem.3.5.10.
3. kath' hetos this year, SIG 284.24 (Erythrae, iv B.C.), OGI458.64 (i B.C./iA.D.), CIG3641b5,38 (Lampsacus).
VIII. periphrastically with abstract Subst., kat' hêsuchiên, k. tachos, = hêsuchôs, tacheôs, Hdt.1.9,7.178; k. kratos by force, X.HG2.1.19, etc.; k. meros partially, Arist.Po.1456a16; individually, severally, Pl.Tht.157b, Lg.835a; k. phusin naturally, Hdt. 2.38, Pl.R.428e; k. tên technên skilfully, Luc.DDeor.20.7; out' emoi legein kath' hêdonên [esti] it is not pleasant for me to tell you, A.Pr.263.
C. Position: kata may follow both its cases, and is then written with anastr. kata, as Il.20.221, etc.; so also in tmesi, when it follows its Verb, 17.91.
D. abs. as ADV. in all the above senses, esp. like katô, downwards, from above, down, freq. in Hom.
E. kata in COMPOS.,
I. downwards, down, as in katabainô, kataballô, katakeimai, katapempô, katapiptô, katapleô 1 .
II. in answer to, in accordance with, as in kataidô (occino), kataineô, katathumios.
III. against, in hostile sense (cf. A.11.5), as in katagignôskô, katakrinô, katapsêphizomai: more rarely with a Subst., as katadikê.
IV. back, back again, as in kateimi, kataporeuomai, katapleô 11 .
V. freq. only to strengthen the notion of the simple word, as in katakoptô, katakteinô, kataphagein, etc.; also with Substs. and Adjs., as in katadêlos, katoxos.
VI. sts. to give a trans. force to an intr. Verb, our be-, as in katathrêneô bewail.
VII. implying waste or consumption, as in kataleitourgeô, kathippotropheô, katazeugotropheô: and generally in a disparaging sense, as in katagignôskô 1 .
F. kata as a Prep. was shortd. in some dialects, esp. in Ep., into kag, kad, kak, kam, kan, kap, kar, kat, before g, d, k, m, n, p (or ph), rh, t (or th), respectively; see these forms in their own places. Mss. and the older Edd. join the Prep. with the following word, as kangonu, kadde, kakkephalês, kappedion, kapphalara, karroon, kattade, [p. 884] katton, etc. In compd. Verbs, kata sts. changes into kab, kal, kar, kat, before b, l, r, th, respectively, as kabbale, kallipe, karrezousa, katthane; and before st, sch, the second syll. sts. disappears, as in kastornusa, kaschethe, as also in the Dor. forms kabainôn, kapeton.
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